The IELTS Reading section tests your ability to understand complex texts and extract relevant information. One topic that frequently appears in IELTS exams is environmental issues, particularly the effects of urbanization. “Urban sprawl’s impact on the environment” is a highly relevant subject that has been featured in past IELTS tests and is likely to appear again due to its ongoing significance in today’s world.
In this practice session, we’ll explore a reading passage on urban sprawl and its environmental consequences, followed by a variety of question types typically found in the IELTS Reading test. This exercise will help you familiarize yourself with the format and improve your skills in tackling similar topics in your actual IELTS exam.
Urban sprawl aerial view
Reading Passage
The Environmental Cost of Urban Sprawl
Urban sprawl, the rapid expansion of cities into surrounding rural areas, has become a defining feature of modern urban development. While it offers more living space and potentially lower housing costs, the environmental repercussions of this phenomenon are significant and far-reaching.
One of the most immediate impacts of urban sprawl is the loss of natural habitats. As cities expand, forests, wetlands, and grasslands are replaced by houses, roads, and shopping centers. This transformation not only destroys the homes of countless plant and animal species but also fragments remaining habitats, making it difficult for wildlife to thrive or even survive. The loss of biodiversity is a silent but critical consequence of unchecked urban expansion.
Water resources are another casualty of urban sprawl. The proliferation of impermeable surfaces like roads and parking lots increases stormwater runoff, leading to more frequent and severe flooding. This runoff often carries pollutants into nearby water bodies, degrading water quality and threatening aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, the increased demand for water in sprawling suburban areas can strain local water supplies, particularly in regions already facing water scarcity.
Air quality suffers as well. The car-dependent nature of sprawling suburbs leads to increased vehicle emissions, contributing to smog and greenhouse gas production. The loss of trees and vegetation, which naturally filter air pollutants, further exacerbates this problem. Urban heat islands, areas where temperatures are significantly higher than surrounding rural areas due to heat-absorbing surfaces like asphalt, become more pronounced with sprawl, leading to increased energy consumption for cooling.
Soil degradation is another often-overlooked consequence. Urban sprawl frequently occurs on prime agricultural land, reducing the area available for food production. The construction process itself can lead to soil erosion and compaction, reducing soil quality and increasing the risk of landslides in vulnerable areas.
While the negative environmental impacts of urban sprawl are clear, solutions are complex and often controversial. Smart growth initiatives, which focus on compact, walkable urban designs, offer one potential approach. These designs aim to reduce car dependency, preserve open spaces, and make more efficient use of existing infrastructure. Green infrastructure, such as permeable pavements and urban forests, can help mitigate some of the environmental impacts in areas where sprawl has already occurred.
Ultimately, addressing the environmental challenges posed by urban sprawl will require a multifaceted approach involving urban planners, policymakers, and citizens. As our cities continue to grow, finding ways to balance urban development with environmental preservation will be crucial for creating sustainable, livable communities for future generations.
Questions
1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
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According to the passage, urban sprawl primarily affects:
A) City centers
B) Rural areas surrounding cities
C) Coastal regions
D) Mountain ranges -
The text suggests that urban sprawl results in:
A) Increased biodiversity
B) Better water management
C) Habitat fragmentation
D) Improved air quality -
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of urban sprawl on water resources?
A) Increased flooding
B) Water pollution
C) Strain on water supplies
D) Improved water treatment facilities -
The passage indicates that urban heat islands are caused by:
A) Increased vegetation
B) Heat-absorbing surfaces
C) Reduced car usage
D) Improved air quality -
According to the text, smart growth initiatives aim to:
A) Encourage more car usage
B) Expand cities rapidly
C) Create compact, walkable urban designs
D) Increase suburban housing
6-10: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
Write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Urban sprawl always results in lower housing costs.
- The loss of trees in urban areas contributes to air pollution.
- Smart growth initiatives are universally accepted as the best solution to urban sprawl.
- Urban sprawl can lead to the loss of agricultural land.
- Green infrastructure can help mitigate some environmental impacts of urban sprawl.
11-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- The expansion of impermeable surfaces in urban areas increases the risk of and .
- The car-dependent nature of sprawling suburbs contributes to increased ___ and greenhouse gas production.
- Addressing the environmental challenges of urban sprawl requires a ___ approach involving various stakeholders.
Answer Key
- B
- C
- D
- B
- C
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- TRUE
- flooding, pollution
- vehicle emissions
- multifaceted
Explanations
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B: The passage states that urban sprawl is “the rapid expansion of cities into surrounding rural areas.”
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C: The text mentions that urban sprawl “fragments remaining habitats, making it difficult for wildlife to thrive or even survive.”
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D: Improved water treatment facilities are not mentioned in the passage. The text discusses increased flooding, water pollution, and strain on water supplies.
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B: The passage states that urban heat islands are areas where temperatures are higher “due to heat-absorbing surfaces like asphalt.”
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C: The text mentions that smart growth initiatives “focus on compact, walkable urban designs.”
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FALSE: The passage states that urban sprawl “potentially” offers lower housing costs, not that it always does.
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TRUE: The text states, “The loss of trees and vegetation, which naturally filter air pollutants, further exacerbates this problem.”
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NOT GIVEN: While smart growth initiatives are mentioned as a potential solution, the passage does not state whether they are universally accepted as the best solution.
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TRUE: The passage mentions that “Urban sprawl frequently occurs on prime agricultural land, reducing the area available for food production.”
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TRUE: The text states, “Green infrastructure, such as permeable pavements and urban forests, can help mitigate some of the environmental impacts in areas where sprawl has already occurred.”
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The correct answer is “flooding, pollution.” The passage states, “The proliferation of impermeable surfaces like roads and parking lots increases stormwater runoff, leading to more frequent and severe flooding. This runoff often carries pollutants into nearby water bodies.”
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The correct answer is “vehicle emissions.” The text mentions, “The car-dependent nature of sprawling suburbs leads to increased vehicle emissions.”
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The correct answer is “multifaceted.” The passage concludes by stating, “Ultimately, addressing the environmental challenges posed by urban sprawl will require a multifaceted approach.”
Common Mistakes
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Misinterpreting implied information: Some questions may require you to infer information that is not explicitly stated. Be careful not to over-interpret or make assumptions beyond what the text implies.
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Overlooking negative statements: Pay close attention to negative words like “not,” “never,” or “rarely.” These can completely change the meaning of a sentence.
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Falling for distractors: In multiple-choice questions, incorrect options often contain information from the text but used in a different context. Always refer back to the passage to verify your choice.
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Time management: Spending too much time on difficult questions can leave you short on time for easier ones. Practice pacing yourself and moving on if a question is too challenging.
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Not reading the instructions carefully: Different question types require different approaches. Always read the instructions thoroughly before attempting to answer.
Vocabulary
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Urban sprawl (noun) /ˈɜːrbən sprɔːl/: uncontrolled expansion of urban areas
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Repercussions (noun) /ˌriːpərˈkʌʃnz/: consequences or effects of an action or event
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Biodiversity (noun) /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/: variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat
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Impermeable (adjective) /ɪmˈpɜːmɪəbl/: not allowing fluid to pass through
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Exacerbate (verb) /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/: make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse
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Multifaceted (adjective) /ˌmʌltɪˈfæsɪtɪd/: having many different aspects or features
Grammar Focus
Passive Voice in Academic Writing
The passive voice is commonly used in academic and scientific writing to maintain an objective tone. For example:
“Water resources are another casualty of urban sprawl.”
Structure: Subject + BE + Past Participle (+ by + agent)
Practice:
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Active: Urban sprawl destroys natural habitats.
Passive: Natural habitats ___ by urban sprawl. -
Active: Smart growth initiatives offer potential solutions.
Passive: Potential solutions ___ by smart growth initiatives. -
Active: Urban planners implement green infrastructure.
Passive: Green infrastructure ___ by urban planners.
Answers:
- are destroyed
- are offered
- is implemented
Tips for IELTS Reading Success
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Improve your vocabulary: Regularly read academic articles on various topics to expand your vocabulary and familiarity with complex sentence structures.
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Practice skimming and scanning: Develop the ability to quickly identify main ideas and locate specific information in a text.
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Manage your time effectively: Allocate your time wisely among the different sections and questions. Don’t spend too long on any single question.
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Read the questions before the passage: This can help you focus on relevant information as you read.
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Use context clues: If you encounter unfamiliar words, try to deduce their meaning from the context.
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Stay calm and focused: Remember that the IELTS Reading test is designed to be challenging. Stay confident and do your best with each question.
By practicing regularly with passages like this one on urban sprawl and its environmental impacts, you’ll be well-prepared to tackle similar topics in your IELTS Reading test. Remember to apply these strategies and keep refining your skills. Good luck with your IELTS preparation!