Climate change is undoubtedly one of the most pressing global issues of our time. As an IELTS instructor with over two decades of experience, I understand the importance of preparing students for reading passages on this crucial topic. Today, we’ll explore a comprehensive IELTS Reading practice test focused on “The Role Of International Cooperation In Tackling Climate Change.” This practice will help you sharpen your skills and familiarize yourself with the types of questions you may encounter in the actual IELTS exam.
International cooperation on climate change
IELTS Reading Practice Test
Passage 1 (Easy Text)
Global Efforts to Combat Climate Change
Climate change is a global challenge that requires international cooperation on an unprecedented scale. As the Earth’s temperature continues to rise, countries around the world are recognizing the need to work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international platform for negotiating global climate action. Established in 1992, the UNFCCC brings together 197 countries to discuss and implement strategies for addressing climate change. The most significant agreement to emerge from this framework is the Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015.
The Paris Agreement marks a milestone in international climate cooperation. Its main aim is to keep the global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. To achieve this ambitious goal, countries have submitted Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which outline their plans to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts.
International cooperation extends beyond government-level agreements. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), businesses, and civil society groups play crucial roles in driving climate action. For example, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group connects 97 of the world’s largest cities, representing more than 700 million people and one-quarter of the global economy. This network facilitates the sharing of best practices and innovative solutions for reducing emissions and building resilience to climate impacts.
Financial cooperation is another critical aspect of the global response to climate change. The Green Climate Fund, established by the UNFCCC, aims to support developing countries in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change. Developed countries have pledged to mobilize $100 billion per year in climate finance by 2020, although meeting this target has proven challenging.
While progress has been made, many experts argue that current efforts are insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement’s goals. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius would require rapid, far-reaching, and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society. This underscores the ongoing need for enhanced international cooperation and more ambitious climate action.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
Write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- The UNFCCC includes all countries in the world.
- The Paris Agreement aims to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius.
- All countries have submitted their Nationally Determined Contributions.
- The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group represents over half of the world’s population.
- The Green Climate Fund has successfully raised $100 billion per year since 2020.
- The IPCC believes current efforts are sufficient to meet the Paris Agreement’s goals.
Questions 7-10
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- The Paris Agreement is considered a ___ in international climate cooperation.
- NGOs, businesses, and ___ groups contribute significantly to climate action.
- The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group facilitates the sharing of ___ and innovative solutions.
- The IPCC has called for ___ changes in all aspects of society to limit global warming.
Passage 2 (Medium Text)
Challenges and Opportunities in International Climate Cooperation
The complexities of international cooperation in addressing climate change are manifold, presenting both significant challenges and unique opportunities. One of the primary obstacles is the inherent tension between national interests and global imperatives. Countries must balance their economic growth ambitions with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a dilemma particularly acute for developing nations striving to industrialize and improve living standards for their populations.
The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” enshrined in the UNFCCC acknowledges that countries have varying capacities and historical responsibilities for addressing climate change. However, implementing this principle in practice has proven contentious. Developed countries, historically responsible for the majority of cumulative emissions, are expected to take the lead in cutting emissions and providing financial support to developing countries. Yet, disagreements over the scale and mechanisms of this support have often hampered negotiations.
Another challenge lies in the long-term nature of climate change impacts versus the short-term focus of many political systems. The benefits of climate action may not be immediately apparent, while the costs are often more immediate and visible. This mismatch can make it difficult for political leaders to prioritize climate action, especially when faced with competing domestic priorities.
The issue of climate justice adds another layer of complexity to international cooperation. Developing countries, which are often the most vulnerable to climate impacts despite contributing least to the problem, argue for greater support in adaptation and mitigation efforts. The concept of “loss and damage” – compensation for climate impacts that cannot be adapted to – has become a contentious issue in international climate negotiations.
Despite these challenges, international cooperation on climate change also presents significant opportunities. The transition to a low-carbon economy is driving innovation in clean technologies, creating new industries and job opportunities. Countries that take the lead in this transition may gain competitive advantages in the global economy of the future.
Cooperation on climate change can also yield co-benefits in other areas of international relations. Climate diplomacy has the potential to build trust and foster collaboration between countries on other issues. For example, joint efforts to develop and deploy clean energy technologies can strengthen bilateral relationships and create mutual dependencies that enhance global stability.
Moreover, the global nature of the climate challenge is fostering new forms of international cooperation that transcend traditional geopolitical boundaries. Multi-stakeholder partnerships involving governments, businesses, civil society organizations, and academic institutions are emerging as important vehicles for climate action. These collaborations can be more agile and innovative than formal intergovernmental processes, allowing for rapid sharing of knowledge and best practices.
The Paris Agreement’s “bottom-up” approach, where countries determine their own climate commitments, represents a new model of international cooperation. This approach allows for greater flexibility and national ownership of climate policies, potentially increasing the likelihood of implementation. However, it also requires robust transparency and accountability mechanisms to ensure that countries follow through on their commitments.
As the impacts of climate change become more severe and immediate, there is growing recognition of the need for enhanced international cooperation. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the world’s capacity for coordinated global action in the face of a crisis, offering lessons that could be applied to climate change. The challenge now is to sustain and amplify this spirit of cooperation to address the long-term threat of climate change.
Questions 11-16
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, one of the main challenges in international climate cooperation is:
A) The lack of scientific consensus on climate change
B) The conflict between national interests and global needs
C) The absence of international agreements on climate action
D) The shortage of funding for climate research -
The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” in the UNFCCC:
A) Has been easily implemented in practice
B) Is rejected by developing countries
C) Acknowledges varying capacities and responsibilities of countries
D) Requires all countries to cut emissions equally -
The passage suggests that political leaders may find it difficult to prioritize climate action because:
A) They don’t understand the science of climate change
B) The benefits are long-term while costs are more immediate
C) Their constituents are not interested in climate issues
D) There is no economic benefit to climate action -
The concept of “loss and damage” in climate negotiations refers to:
A) The economic losses due to transitioning to clean energy
B) The damage caused by natural disasters
C) Compensation for unavoidable climate impacts
D) The loss of biodiversity due to climate change -
According to the passage, climate diplomacy has the potential to:
A) Replace traditional forms of diplomacy
B) Solve all international conflicts
C) Strengthen relationships between countries on other issues
D) Eliminate the need for bilateral agreements -
The Paris Agreement’s “bottom-up” approach is described as:
A) A traditional model of international cooperation
B) A new approach allowing countries to determine their own commitments
C) A top-down system imposed by developed countries
D) A failure in international climate negotiations
Questions 17-20
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
The transition to a low-carbon economy is driving (17) in clean technologies, which can create new industries and jobs. Countries leading this transition may gain (18) in the future global economy. Climate cooperation can also yield (19) in other areas of international relations. New forms of cooperation, such as (20) partnerships, are emerging to address the climate challenge.
Passage 3 (Hard Text)
The Evolution and Future of International Climate Governance
The landscape of international climate governance has undergone significant transformations since the inception of concerted global efforts to address climate change. This evolution reflects the dynamic interplay between scientific understanding, political realities, and the escalating urgency of the climate crisis. As we stand at a critical juncture in our collective response to global warming, it is imperative to examine the trajectory of international cooperation and envision its future directions.
The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro marked the birth of modern international climate diplomacy with the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This foundational treaty established the basic architecture for global climate governance, introducing key principles such as “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDR-RC). The subsequent Kyoto Protocol of 1997 represented the first attempt to operationalize these principles, setting binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.
However, the Kyoto Protocol’s top-down approach, which imposed externally determined targets, faced significant challenges. The United States’ refusal to ratify the protocol and Canada’s subsequent withdrawal highlighted the difficulties of securing commitment to binding international agreements. This experience informed the shift towards a more flexible, bottom-up approach embodied in the 2015 Paris Agreement.
The Paris Agreement signifies a paradigm shift in international climate governance. Its hybrid structure combines bottom-up flexibility, allowing countries to determine their own nationally determined contributions (NDCs), with top-down elements such as a global stocktake mechanism to assess collective progress. This approach aims to foster universal participation while providing a framework for ratcheting up ambition over time.
Yet, the Paris Agreement’s effectiveness hinges on the collective ambition and implementation of NDCs. Current pledges, if fully implemented, are insufficient to limit global warming to well below 2°C, let alone the more ambitious 1.5°C target. This “ambition gap” underscores the need for enhanced cooperation and more stringent commitments.
The concept of “polycentric governance” has gained traction as a complementary approach to formal international agreements. This model recognizes the role of multiple actors operating at various scales – from cities and regions to businesses and civil society organizations – in driving climate action. Initiatives such as the Under2 Coalition, which brings together subnational governments committed to ambitious climate action, exemplify this approach.
Technological innovation and diffusion present both opportunities and challenges for international climate cooperation. The rapid decline in renewable energy costs has accelerated the low-carbon transition in many countries. However, issues such as intellectual property rights and technology transfer continue to be points of contention between developed and developing nations.
The intersection of climate change with other global challenges, such as biodiversity loss and sustainable development, necessitates more integrated approaches to international governance. The concept of “planetary boundaries” provides a framework for understanding the interconnected nature of these challenges and the need for holistic solutions.
Financial mechanisms play a crucial role in facilitating international climate cooperation. The Green Climate Fund, established under the UNFCCC, aims to support developing countries in mitigation and adaptation efforts. However, mobilizing sufficient climate finance remains a persistent challenge, with developed countries yet to fulfill their pledge of $100 billion per year.
Looking ahead, several trends are likely to shape the future of international climate cooperation. The growing recognition of climate change as a threat multiplier for issues such as food security, water scarcity, and forced migration may catalyze more urgent and comprehensive global action. The concept of a “just transition” to a low-carbon economy is gaining prominence, emphasizing the need to address social and economic impacts of climate policies.
Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, offer new possibilities for enhancing transparency, accountability, and effectiveness in climate governance. For instance, satellite monitoring and big data analytics can improve the tracking of emissions and forest cover changes, supporting more robust implementation of international agreements.
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the global community’s capacity for rapid, coordinated action in the face of a crisis. This experience may inform future approaches to climate change, potentially accelerating the transition to more resilient, low-carbon economies.
As the impacts of climate change intensify, there is growing discourse around the need for more radical approaches to international cooperation. Proposals such as a global carbon tax or an international climate court to adjudicate climate-related disputes reflect the search for more robust governance mechanisms.
In conclusion, while the evolution of international climate cooperation has yielded significant progress, the scale and urgency of the climate crisis demand further innovation and enhanced collaboration. The future of climate governance will likely be characterized by a complex interplay of formal agreements, polycentric initiatives, technological solutions, and evolving norms of global responsibility. The success of these efforts will be critical in determining the trajectory of global climate change and its impacts on human and natural systems.
Questions 21-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
-
The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro established the basic ___ for global climate governance.
-
The Kyoto Protocol’s approach, which imposed externally determined targets, is described as ___.
-
The Paris Agreement’s structure is described as ___, combining bottom-up flexibility with top-down elements.
-
The “___ gap” refers to the insufficiency of current pledges to meet the Paris Agreement’s temperature goals.
-
The concept of “___ governance” recognizes the role of multiple actors in driving climate action.
-
The ___ provides a framework for understanding the interconnected nature of global environmental challenges.
Questions 27-32
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
Write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
-
The Kyoto Protocol was universally successful in securing commitments from all developed countries.
-
The Paris Agreement allows countries to determine their own emission reduction targets.
-
Polycentric governance approaches have completely replaced formal international agreements in climate action.
-
The rapid decline in renewable energy costs has been uniform across all countries.
-
The Green Climate Fund has successfully mobilized $100 billion per year for developing countries.
-
The COVID-19 pandemic has had no impact on approaches to climate change cooperation.
Questions 33-40
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
The evolution of international climate cooperation reflects changes in scientific understanding, political realities, and the (33) of the climate crisis. The 1992 Earth Summit established the UNFCCC, introducing key principles like (34) . The Kyoto Protocol faced challenges due to its (35) approach. The Paris Agreement marked a (36) in climate governance, combining bottom-up and top-down elements. However, an (37) ___ remains between current pledges and the agreement’s goals.
(38) governance has emerged as a complementary approach, recognizing the role of various actors. Technological innovation presents opportunities but also raises issues like (39) . Future trends in climate cooperation may include addressing climate change as a (40) ___ for other global issues and exploring more radical governance mechanisms.
Answer Key
Passage 1
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- FALSE
- FALSE
- FALSE
- milestone
- civil society
- best practices
- unprecedented
Passage 2
- B
- C
- B
- C
- C
- B
- innovation
- competitive advantages
- co-benefits
- multi-stakeholder
Passage 3
- architecture
- top-down
- hybrid
- ambition
- polycentric
- planetary boundaries
- FALSE
- TRUE
- FALSE
- NOT GIVEN
- FALSE
- FALSE
- urgency
- common but differentiated responsibilities
- top-down
- paradigm shift
- ambition gap
- Polycentric
- intellectual property rights
- threat multiplier
This comprehensive IELTS Reading practice test on “The Role of International Cooperation in Tackling Climate Change” covers various aspects of the topic, from basic concepts to more complex issues in international climate governance. By practicing with these passages and questions, you’ll improve your reading skills and expand your knowledge on this
