The IELTS Reading section is a crucial component of the test, assessing your ability to comprehend complex texts and extract relevant information. Today, we’ll focus on a topic that has been increasingly prevalent in recent years: “Climate change’s influence on migration to urban areas.” This subject has appeared in various forms in past IELTS exams and, given its growing relevance, is likely to feature in future tests as well.
Climate change and its impact on human migration patterns is a pressing global issue that combines environmental, social, and economic factors. As such, it makes for an excellent IELTS Reading passage, challenging test-takers to understand and analyze multifaceted information.
Let’s dive into a practice Reading passage on this topic, followed by questions, answers, and valuable tips to help you excel in your IELTS preparation.
Practice Reading Passage
Climate Change: The Invisible Driver of Urban Migration
A) Climate change is reshaping our world in countless ways, but one of its most profound yet often overlooked impacts is on human migration patterns. As extreme weather events become more frequent and intense, and long-term environmental changes render some areas increasingly inhospitable, millions of people are being forced to relocate. Interestingly, this climate-induced displacement is not just a cross-border phenomenon; it’s also driving a significant shift from rural to urban areas within countries.
B) The link between climate change and urban migration is complex and multifaceted. In many cases, it’s not a direct, immediate cause-and-effect relationship, but rather a gradual process exacerbated by climatic stressors. For instance, in agricultural communities, changing rainfall patterns and increasing frequency of droughts can lead to crop failures and loss of livelihoods. This economic pressure often pushes farmers and their families to seek alternative employment in cities.
C) Coastal areas, home to a significant portion of the world’s population, are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Rising sea levels, increased storm surges, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources are making some coastal regions uninhabitable. This is particularly evident in low-lying island nations and delta regions. As a result, many coastal dwellers are relocating to urban centers, often within their own countries, in search of safety and economic stability.
D) Urban areas, while not immune to climate change impacts, often appear as beacons of hope for climate migrants. Cities typically offer more diverse economic opportunities, better infrastructure, and greater access to services compared to rural areas. Moreover, urban economies are generally less directly dependent on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture, making them more resilient to environmental changes.
E) However, this influx of climate migrants poses significant challenges for cities. Many urban areas, particularly in developing countries, are already struggling with overpopulation, inadequate infrastructure, and limited resources. The addition of climate migrants can exacerbate these issues, leading to the expansion of informal settlements, increased pressure on public services, and potential social tensions.
F) Some cities are taking proactive steps to address these challenges. For instance, Medellín in Colombia has implemented innovative urban planning strategies to integrate migrants and improve resilience to climate change. The city has developed green corridors to reduce urban heat islands, improved public transportation to reduce emissions, and created inclusive housing policies to accommodate newcomers.
G) On a global scale, organizations like the United Nations are recognizing the need to address climate-induced migration to urban areas. The New Urban Agenda, adopted at the UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) in 2016, explicitly acknowledges the challenges posed by climate change and migration to urban development.
H) Looking ahead, it’s clear that the influence of climate change on urban migration will only grow. As such, it’s crucial for policymakers, urban planners, and international organizations to work together to develop strategies that not only mitigate the impacts of climate change but also ensure that cities are prepared to sustainably accommodate climate migrants. This might involve improving urban infrastructure, implementing inclusive housing policies, and creating economic opportunities that can absorb new arrivals.
I) In conclusion, the relationship between climate change and urban migration represents one of the most significant demographic shifts of our time. It underscores the far-reaching impacts of climate change and highlights the urgent need for comprehensive, forward-thinking urban planning and climate adaptation strategies. As we continue to grapple with the realities of a changing climate, understanding and addressing its influence on human migration patterns will be crucial for building resilient, sustainable, and inclusive cities of the future.
Questions
1-5: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. The appeal of urban areas for climate migrants
ii. The complex relationship between climate and urban migration
iii. The overlooked impact of climate change on migration patterns
iv. Challenges faced by coastal communities due to climate change
v. The strain on urban resources caused by climate migration
vi. Agricultural challenges leading to urban migration
vii. Global recognition of climate-induced urban migration
- Paragraph A
- Paragraph B
- Paragraph C
- Paragraph D
- Paragraph E
6-10: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Climate-induced migration is primarily an international phenomenon.
- Changing rainfall patterns in agricultural areas can indirectly lead to urban migration.
- All coastal regions are equally affected by climate change impacts.
- Urban economies are completely protected from the effects of climate change.
- The city of Medellín has implemented strategies to address climate migration challenges.
11-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- The New Urban Agenda, adopted in 2016, recognizes the challenges posed by climate change and migration to ____.
- To address climate migration, cities need to improve infrastructure, implement inclusive housing policies, and create ____.
- The relationship between climate change and urban migration is described as one of the most significant ____ of our time.
Answer Key and Explanations
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iii – The paragraph introduces the often overlooked impact of climate change on migration patterns, particularly towards urban areas.
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ii – This paragraph discusses the complex and multifaceted relationship between climate change and urban migration.
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iv – The paragraph focuses on the specific challenges faced by coastal communities due to climate change impacts.
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i – This paragraph explains why urban areas are attractive to climate migrants, highlighting their advantages.
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v – The paragraph discusses the challenges cities face due to the influx of climate migrants, including strain on resources and infrastructure.
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FALSE – The passage states that climate-induced displacement is “not just a cross-border phenomenon” but also drives migration within countries.
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TRUE – The passage mentions that changing rainfall patterns can lead to crop failures, which in turn pushes farmers to seek employment in cities.
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NOT GIVEN – While the passage discusses impacts on coastal areas, it doesn’t state whether all regions are equally affected.
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FALSE – The passage states that urban areas are “not immune to climate change impacts,” though they are often more resilient.
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TRUE – The passage explicitly mentions Medellín implementing strategies to integrate migrants and improve climate resilience.
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urban development – The passage states that the New Urban Agenda “explicitly acknowledges the challenges posed by climate change and migration to urban development.”
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economic opportunities – The passage suggests that cities need to create “economic opportunities that can absorb new arrivals.”
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demographic shifts – The passage describes the relationship between climate change and urban migration as “one of the most significant demographic shifts of our time.”
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Overlooking key phrases: Pay attention to qualifiers like “not just” or “often” which can change the meaning of a statement.
- Making assumptions: Stick to the information provided in the text. Don’t let your prior knowledge influence your answers.
- Misinterpreting “Not Given”: Remember, this option means the information is neither confirmed nor denied in the passage.
- Failing to match exact wording: In sentence completion tasks, ensure your answer matches the grammatical structure of the sentence.
Key Vocabulary
- Inhospitable (adj) /ɪnˈhɒspɪtəbl/ – unfriendly, harsh, or difficult to live in
- Exacerbate (v) /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/ – to make a problem or bad situation worse
- Intrusion (n) /ɪnˈtruːʒn/ – the act of entering somewhere unwanted
- Resilient (adj) /rɪˈzɪliənt/ – able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions
- Influx (n) /ˈɪnflʌks/ – an arrival or entry of large numbers of people or things
- Proactive (adj) /prəʊˈæktɪv/ – creating or controlling a situation rather than just responding to it
- Mitigate (v) /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ – to make something less severe, serious, or painful
Grammar Focus
Pay attention to the use of present perfect tense in the passage, for example:
“Climate change has reshaped our world in countless ways”
This tense is used to describe actions that started in the past and continue to have relevance in the present. It’s formed using ‘have/has’ + past participle.
Example: “Organizations have recognized the need to address climate-induced migration.”
Practice using this tense when discussing ongoing impacts or changes related to climate and migration.
Tips for IELTS Reading Success
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Time management: Allocate your time wisely. Spend about 20 minutes on each passage in the Reading test.
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Skim and scan: Quickly skim the passage for main ideas, then scan for specific information when answering questions.
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Use context clues: If you encounter unfamiliar words, try to understand their meaning from the surrounding context.
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Pay attention to paragraph structure: Often, the main idea of a paragraph is in the first or last sentence.
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Practice regularly: Consistent practice with various question types and topics will improve your speed and accuracy.
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Stay calm: If you find a question difficult, move on and come back to it later if time permits.
Remember, success in IELTS Reading comes with practice and familiarity with different question types. This passage on “Climate change’s influence on migration to urban areas” demonstrates the kind of complex, multi-faceted topics you might encounter. By understanding the structure of such passages and practicing regularly, you’ll be well-prepared for your IELTS Reading test.
For more practice on climate-related topics, you might find our article on the implications of climate change on global security helpful. It provides additional context and vocabulary that could be useful in your IELTS preparation.
Good luck with your studies!