The IELTS Reading section can be daunting, with its requirement to comprehend and analyze complex texts within a limited time. Today, we dive into a particularly engaging passage titled “Griffith and American Films.” This passage explores the evolution of American cinema and its cultural implications. We’ll break down the original passage, list relevant questions, provide detailed answers, common pitfalls, vocabulary, and critical grammar structures to help you master this reading exercise.
Examining the Actual IELTS Reading Passage: Griffith and American Films
The Reading Passage
Movies are key cultural artifacts that offer a window into American cultural and social history. A mixture of art, business, and popular entertainment, the movies provide a host of insights into Americans’ shifting ideals, fantasies, and preoccupations.
A
Many films of the early silent era dealt with gender relations. Before 1905, as Kathy Peiss has argued, movie screens were filled with salacious sexual imagery and risqué humor, drawn from burlesque halls and vaudeville theaters. Early films offered many glimpses of women disrobing or of passionate kisses. As the movies’ female audience grew, sexual titillation and voyeurism persisted. However, an ever-increasing number of films dealt with the changing work and sexual roles of women in a more sophisticated manner. While D.W. Griffith’s films presented an idealized picture of the frail Victorian child-woman and showed an almost obsessive preoccupation with female honor and chastity, other silent movies presented quite different images of femininity. These ranged from the exotic sexually aggressive vamp to the athletic, energetic “serial queen”; the street-smart urban working gal, who repels the sexual advances of her lascivious boss; and cigarette-smoking, alcohol-drinking chorus girls or burlesque queens.
B
In early 1910, director D.W. Griffith was sent by the Biography Company to the West Coast with his acting troupe, consisting of actors Blanche Sweet, Lillian Gish, Mary Pickford, Lionel Barrymore, and others. While there, the company decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to Hollywood, a little village that was friendly and enjoyed the movie company filming there. By focusing the camera on particular actors and actresses, Griffith inadvertently encouraged the development of the star system. By 1910, newspapers were deluged with requests for actors’ names. But most studios refused to divulge their identities, fearing the salary demands of popular performers. As one industry observer put it, “In the ‘star,’ your producer gets not only a ‘production’ value but a ‘trademark’ value, and an ‘insurance’ value which are vice potent in guaranteeing the sale of this product.” As the star system emerged, salaries soared. In the course of just two years, the salary of actress Mary Pickford rose from less than $400 a week in 1914 to $10,000 a week in 1916. This action made Griffith believe in the big potential in the movie industry. Thus many competitors completely copied the same system as Griffith used, for the considerable profits. Additionally, they also studied the theory and methods which Griffith suggested.
C
From the moment America entered the war, Hollywood feared that the industry would be subject to heavy-handed government censorship. But the government itself wanted no repeat of World War I, when the Committee on Public Information had whipped up anti-German hysteria and oversold the war as “a Crusade not merely to re-win the tomb of Christ, but to bring back to earth the rule of right, the peace, goodwill to men and gentleness he taught.”
D
The formation of the movie trust ushered in a period of rationalization within the film industry. Camera and projection equipment were standardized; film rental fees were fixed; theaters were upgraded; this improved the quality of movies by removing damaged prints from circulation. This was also a period of intense artistic and technical innovation, as pioneering directors like David Wark Griffith and others created a new language of film and revolutionized screen narrative.
E
With just six months of film experience, Griffith, a former stage actor, was hired as a director by the Biography Company and promised $50 a week and one-twentieth of a cent for every foot of film sold to a rental exchange. Each week, Griffith turned out two or three one-reelers. While earlier directors had used such cinematic devices as close-ups, slow motion, fade-ins and fade-outs, lighting effects, and editing before, Griffith’s great contribution to the movie industry was to show how these techniques could be used to create a wholly new style of storytelling, distinct from the theater. Griffith’s approach to movie storytelling has been aptly called “photographic realism.” This is not to say that he merely wished to record a story accurately; rather he sought to convey the illusion of realism. He demanded that his performers act less in a more lifelike manner, avoiding the broad, exaggerated gestures and pantomiming of emotions that characterized the nineteenth-century stage. He wanted his performers to take on a role rather than directly addressing the camera. Above all, he used close-ups, lighting, editing, and other cinematic techniques to convey suspense and other emotions and to focus the audience’s attention on individual performers.
F
During the 1920s and 1930s, a small group of film companies consolidated their control. Known as the “Big Five” – Paramount, Warner Brothers, RKO, 20th Century-Fox, and Loew’s (MGM) and the “Little Three” – Universal, Columbia, and United Artists, they formed fully integrated companies. The old film company’s opposition was shocked by the new tycoons. The confusion of tongues in the foreign version of American films deepened when American directors themselves embarked on the shooting of the new version. They did not usually speak Spanish (or the given target language) and, at that time, there were only a few translators at the studio’s disposal. For this reason, it was more general to contract Spanish directors, actors, and screenwriters to produce American films in Spanish for Latin American audiences and for the public in the Iberian Peninsula. Hollywood had depended on overseas markets for as much as 40 percent of its revenue. But in an effort to nurture their own film industries and prevent an excessive outflow of dollars, Britain, France, and Italy imposed stiff import tariffs and restrictive quotas on imported American movies.
G
A basic problem facing today’s Hollywood is the rapidly rising cost of making and marketing a movie: an average of $40 million today. The immense cost of producing movies has led the studios to seek guaranteed hits: blockbuster loaded with high-tech special effects, sequels, and remakes of earlier movies, foreign films, and even old TV shows. Hollywood has also sought to cope with rising costs by focusing ever more intently on its core audiences. Since the mid-1980s, the movie-going audience has continued to decrease in size. Ticket sales fell from 1.2 billion in 1983 to 950 million in 1992, with the biggest drop occurring among adults. Since over half of Hollywood’s profits are earned overseas, the target market has to be changed due to the increasing costs and salary of making a film. The industry has concentrated much of its energy on crude action films easily understood by an international audience, featuring stars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone.
Evolution of American Cinema
Questions and Detailed Answers
Questions 20 – 23
Use the information in the passage to match the companies (listed A – C) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A, B, C, or D in boxes 20 – 23 on your answer sheet.
20 Griffith’s successful in 1910s, led his rivals
- Answer: D. completely copy his system
- Explanation: As stated in section B, many competitors adopted Griffith’s star system and methods, seeing the financial success it brought.
21 The growing costs and salary in Hollywood which shows it has
- Answer: C. The pressure to change its market
- Explanation: Reading section G discusses how Hollywood’s rising costs have necessitated targeting easier-understood action films for international markets.
22 The increasing new movie industries have a big impact on
- Answer: A. old company’s opposition
- Explanation: Section F describes how the “Big Five” and “Little Three” emerged, which shocked older companies and required adjustments.
23 In 1992, ticket sales declined dramatically, due to
- Answer: B. huge drop happens among adults
- Explanation: As noted in the last part of section G, the biggest drop in ticket sales occurred among adults from 1983 to 1992.
Questions 24 – 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D. Write your answer in boxes 24 – 26 on your answer sheet.
24 Why Griffith believe the potential in making movies
- Answer: B. He used the star system successfully.
- Explanation: Section B illustrates how Griffith’s implementation of the star system showed significant potential in profits and popularity.
25 What are other competitors’ reaction to Griffith
- Answer: A. Adopt Griffith’s theory and methods in making films
- Explanation: The passage indicates that rivals copied Griffith’s methods extensively.
26 What is the great change in films industries during the 1920s and 1930s
- Answer: D. Improved the foreign version of American movies.
- Explanation: Section F explains how the industry adapted to produce more localized versions of American films to cater to foreign markets.
Answer Keys: Detailed Justification
- 20 (D): The text confirms Griffith’s rivals adopted his star system due to its monetary success.
- 21 (C): Rising production costs pushed Hollywood to refocus on international audiences.
- 22 (A): The emergence of the “Big Five” and “Little Three” films companies disrupted older entities.
- 23 (B): The notable drop in ticket sales was among adults.
- 24 (B): The implementation of the star system showed Griffith the potential in movies.
- 25 (A): Competitors adopted Griffith’s methods.
- 26 (D): The industry enhanced their films for foreign audiences, per the passage.
Common Mistakes in This Type of Reading Passage
- Ignoring Context: Always read around the questions to catch contextual hints.
- Overlooking Details: Pay attention to particular names, dates, and specific terms.
- Misunderstanding Instructions: Carefully read question requirements to avoid simple errors.
Vocabulary List
- Salacious (adj.): /səˈleɪʃəs/ – having or conveying undue or inappropriate interest in sexual matters.
- Voyeurism (n.): /ˈvwɑːˌjɜːrɪzm/ – the practice of gaining sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity.
- Exaggerate (v.): /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/ – represent something as better or worse than it really is.
- Consolidate (v.): /kənˈsɑːlɪdeɪt/ – to make something physically stronger or more solid.
Key Grammar Structure: Conditional Sentences
- Type: Mixed Conditionals
- Formula: If + past perfect, … Would + base form (or vice versa)
- Example: If Griffith had not developed the star system, Hollywood wouldn’t have realized its potential.
Mastering passages like “Griffith and American Films” requires practice and careful attention to the text’s structure and content. Equipping yourself with the skills to tackle these types of questions will enhance your IELTS reading efficiency.