Welcome to this IELTS Reading practice test focused on the crucial topic of “How Biodiversity Loss Affects Ecosystem Services.” This test is designed to help you prepare for the IELTS Reading section while exploring an important environmental issue. The passages and questions will challenge your reading comprehension skills and expand your vocabulary related to ecology and biodiversity.

Biodiversity and ecosystem services diagram

Reading Passage 1

The Importance of Biodiversity in Ecosystems

Biodiversity, the variety of life on Earth, is crucial for maintaining healthy ecosystems and the services they provide. These ecosystem services include provisioning services such as food and water; regulating services like climate and disease control; supporting services such as nutrient cycling and crop pollination; and cultural services including recreational and spiritual benefits. However, human activities are causing unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss, which in turn threatens the stability and functioning of ecosystems worldwide.

The loss of biodiversity can have cascading effects throughout an ecosystem. For example, the decline of pollinators such as bees and butterflies can lead to reduced crop yields and the loss of plant species that depend on these insects for reproduction. Similarly, the overfishing of predatory fish can result in population explosions of their prey species, disrupting the delicate balance of marine ecosystems.

Climate change is exacerbating the problem of biodiversity loss. As temperatures rise and weather patterns shift, many species are struggling to adapt or migrate to more suitable habitats. This is particularly evident in coral reef ecosystems, where rising ocean temperatures and acidification are causing widespread coral bleaching and death, threatening the countless species that depend on these underwater habitats.

Conservation efforts are essential to mitigate the impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem services. Protected areas, sustainable resource management, and habitat restoration projects can help preserve biodiversity and maintain the vital services that ecosystems provide. Additionally, raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity and promoting sustainable practices in agriculture, fishing, and urban development can contribute to long-term conservation goals.

Questions 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Ecosystem services include only tangible benefits such as food and water.
2. Human activities are the primary cause of accelerated biodiversity loss.
3. The decline of pollinators can affect both crop yields and plant diversity.
4. Overfishing has no impact on marine ecosystem balance.
5. Climate change is helping some species adapt to new environments.
6. Coral reef ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to rising ocean temperatures.
7. Conservation efforts are ineffective in preserving biodiversity.

Questions 8-13

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

8. Biodiversity is essential for maintaining healthy ___ and their services.
9. Ecosystem services include provisioning, regulating, supporting, and ___ services.
10. The loss of biodiversity can have ___ effects throughout an ecosystem.
11. Climate change is making the problem of biodiversity loss even ___.
12. Many species are struggling to adapt or ___ to more suitable habitats due to climate change.
13. ___ projects can help preserve biodiversity and maintain vital ecosystem services.

Reading Passage 2

The Economic Impact of Biodiversity Loss

The loss of biodiversity has far-reaching consequences that extend beyond ecological concerns to impact global economies. As ecosystems degrade and species disappear, the services they provide become compromised, leading to significant economic losses across various sectors. This interconnection between biodiversity and economic stability is often underappreciated, yet it plays a crucial role in sustaining human well-being and development.

One of the most direct economic impacts of biodiversity loss is on agriculture. The decline in pollinator populations, for instance, has severe implications for crop production. Estimates suggest that pollinators contribute to the production of crops worth between $235 billion and $577 billion annually. The loss of these essential species could lead to reduced yields and increased food prices, affecting both farmers’ livelihoods and global food security.

The pharmaceutical industry also stands to lose significantly from biodiversity loss. Many modern medicines are derived from or inspired by natural compounds found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. The extinction of species means the loss of potential sources for new drugs and treatments. The economic value of biodiversity for drug discovery is estimated to be in the hundreds of billions of dollars.

Tourism, particularly ecotourism, is another sector heavily reliant on biodiversity. Many countries derive a substantial portion of their GDP from nature-based tourism. The degradation of natural habitats and the loss of iconic species can lead to a decline in tourist numbers, impacting local economies that depend on this income. For example, coral reef tourism generates an estimated $36 billion annually, but this revenue is threatened by the ongoing destruction of these delicate ecosystems.

The loss of biodiversity also affects ecosystem services that, while not directly monetized, provide substantial economic benefits. Forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems play crucial roles in water purification, flood control, and carbon sequestration. The degradation of these natural systems often necessitates costly technological solutions to replicate these services. For instance, New York City invested billions in watershed protection to avoid building a new water filtration plant, demonstrating the economic value of intact ecosystems.

Addressing biodiversity loss requires significant investment but offers substantial economic returns. Studies suggest that the global benefits of preserving biodiversity far outweigh the costs. Implementing conservation strategies, sustainable resource management, and ecosystem restoration not only protects biodiversity but also secures long-term economic stability and growth. As we face the challenges of climate change and environmental degradation, recognizing the economic value of biodiversity becomes increasingly critical for informed decision-making and sustainable development.

Questions 14-19

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

14. According to the passage, the economic impact of biodiversity loss:
    A) Is limited to the agricultural sector
    B) Affects only developing countries
    C) Has consequences across various economic sectors
    D) Is generally overestimated by economists

15. The annual value of crops dependent on pollinators is estimated to be:
    A) Less than $100 billion
    B) Between $235 billion and $577 billion
    C) Exactly $577 billion
    D) Over $1 trillion

16. The pharmaceutical industry is affected by biodiversity loss because:
    A) It reduces the availability of natural compounds for drug discovery
    B) It increases the cost of drug production
    C) It makes existing medicines less effective
    D) It forces the industry to rely solely on synthetic compounds

17. The impact of biodiversity loss on tourism is primarily due to:
    A) Increased travel costs
    B) Government restrictions on ecotourism
    C) Degradation of natural habitats and loss of species
    D) Tourists’ preference for urban destinations

18. The example of New York City’s investment in watershed protection illustrates:
    A) The high cost of water filtration plants
    B) The economic value of intact ecosystems
    C) The inefficiency of natural water purification
    D) The need for more urban green spaces

19. The passage suggests that addressing biodiversity loss:
    A) Is too costly to be economically viable
    B) Offers economic benefits that outweigh the costs
    C) Should be the responsibility of the private sector alone
    D) Is only necessary for developing economies

Questions 20-26

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The loss of biodiversity has significant economic impacts across various sectors. In agriculture, the decline of (20) populations threatens crop production valued at hundreds of billions of dollars annually. The pharmaceutical industry relies on biodiversity for (21) , and the loss of species could mean losing potential sources for new medicines. (22) , especially nature-based tourism, is another sector affected by biodiversity loss, with coral reef tourism alone generating $36 billion per year. Biodiversity loss also impacts (23) that provide economic benefits indirectly, such as water purification and flood control. While addressing biodiversity loss requires (24) , studies suggest that the global benefits of preservation far outweigh the costs. Implementing conservation strategies and sustainable resource management can protect biodiversity and ensure long-term (25) and growth. Recognizing the economic value of biodiversity is crucial for (26) ___ and sustainable development.

Reading Passage 3

The Cascading Effects of Biodiversity Loss on Ecosystem Resilience

The intricate web of life that characterizes Earth’s ecosystems is under unprecedented threat from human activities, leading to a rapid decline in biodiversity. This loss is not merely a matter of fewer species inhabiting our planet; it represents a fundamental erosion of ecosystem resilience, with far-reaching consequences for the stability and functionality of natural systems worldwide. Understanding the cascading effects of biodiversity loss on ecosystem resilience is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies and ensuring the continued provision of essential ecosystem services.

Ecosystem resilience refers to the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbances while maintaining its core functions and structures. This resilience is deeply rooted in biodiversity, with each species playing a unique role in the ecosystem’s overall stability. The loss of even a single species can trigger a domino effect, disrupting established relationships and altering ecosystem processes. For instance, the extirpation of apex predators can lead to trophic cascades, where the unchecked growth of herbivore populations results in overgrazing and subsequent habitat degradation.

One of the most critical aspects of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem resilience is functional redundancy. This concept refers to the presence of multiple species that perform similar ecological roles. When an ecosystem possesses high functional redundancy, the loss of one species can be compensated for by others with similar functions, thereby maintaining overall ecosystem stability. However, as biodiversity declines, this redundancy diminishes, making ecosystems more vulnerable to perturbations and less capable of adapting to environmental changes.

Climate change exacerbates the challenges posed by biodiversity loss, creating a feedback loop that further undermines ecosystem resilience. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns become more erratic, species are forced to adapt or migrate. Those unable to do so face extinction, leading to further biodiversity loss. This cycle not only reduces the overall resilience of ecosystems but also diminishes their capacity to mitigate climate change effects, such as carbon sequestration and water regulation.

The impact of biodiversity loss on ecosystem resilience is particularly evident in marine environments. Coral reefs, often described as the rainforests of the sea, are hotspots of biodiversity that provide crucial ecosystem services, including coastal protection and support for fisheries. However, these complex ecosystems are highly sensitive to environmental changes. The loss of key species, combined with stressors like ocean acidification and warming, can lead to phase shifts where once-vibrant coral reefs transform into algae-dominated systems. This transformation not only represents a massive loss of biodiversity but also significantly reduces the ecosystem’s ability to provide vital services and resist further disturbances.

In terrestrial ecosystems, the loss of plant biodiversity can have profound effects on soil health and productivity. Plants play a crucial role in soil formation, nutrient cycling, and water retention. A diverse plant community ensures a more efficient use of resources and greater resistance to pests and diseases. As plant diversity declines, soil ecosystems become less resilient, potentially leading to reduced agricultural productivity and increased vulnerability to erosion and desertification.

Addressing the cascading effects of biodiversity loss on ecosystem resilience requires a multifaceted approach. Conservation efforts must go beyond simply preserving individual species to focus on maintaining and restoring ecosystem functionality. This includes protecting large, interconnected habitats that allow for species migration and genetic exchange, as well as implementing sustainable management practices that consider the complex interactions within ecosystems.

Furthermore, recognizing the economic value of biodiversity and ecosystem services is crucial for garnering support for conservation efforts. The concept of natural capital, which views nature as an asset providing a flow of benefits to society, can help integrate biodiversity conservation into economic decision-making processes. By demonstrating the tangible benefits of maintaining biodiversity, from food security to climate regulation, policymakers and businesses can be encouraged to prioritize conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.

In conclusion, the loss of biodiversity poses a significant threat to ecosystem resilience, with cascading effects that extend far beyond the immediate loss of species. As we continue to grapple with global environmental challenges, preserving biodiversity emerges as a crucial strategy for maintaining the health, productivity, and resilience of Earth’s ecosystems. Only through concerted efforts to understand, value, and protect biodiversity can we hope to sustain the vital ecosystem services upon which human well-being and the planet’s future depend.

Questions 27-32

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

27. Ecosystem resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to absorb ___ while maintaining its core functions and structures.
28. The loss of apex predators can lead to ___, resulting in overgrazing and habitat degradation.
29. ___ refers to the presence of multiple species performing similar ecological roles in an ecosystem.
30. Climate change creates a ___ that further undermines ecosystem resilience.
31. Coral reefs are often compared to ___ due to their high biodiversity and crucial ecosystem services.
32. The loss of plant biodiversity can significantly affect soil ___ and productivity.

Questions 33-37

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

33. Biodiversity loss only affects the number of species without impacting ecosystem functionality.
34. Functional redundancy in ecosystems helps maintain stability when some species are lost.
35. All species are equally capable of adapting to climate change.
36. Marine ecosystems are more resilient to biodiversity loss than terrestrial ecosystems.
37. Recognizing the economic value of biodiversity can help support conservation efforts.

Questions 38-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

38. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of biodiversity loss on ecosystem resilience?
    A) Reduced ability to absorb disturbances
    B) Increased vulnerability to climate change effects
    C) Enhanced soil fertility
    D) Diminished functional redundancy

39. The transformation of coral reefs into algae-dominated systems is described as:
    A) A natural evolution of marine ecosystems
    B) A phase shift resulting from biodiversity loss and environmental stressors
    C) A beneficial change for fisheries
    D) An irrelevant process in ecosystem resilience

40. The passage suggests that addressing biodiversity loss and its effects on ecosystem resilience requires:
    A) Focusing solely on preserving individual endangered species
    B) Ignoring the economic aspects of biodiversity
    C) A multifaceted approach including habitat protection and sustainable management
    D) Prioritizing terrestrial ecosystems over marine environments

Answer Key

Reading Passage 1

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. NOT GIVEN
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. ecosystems
9. cultural
10. cascading
11. worse
12. migrate
13. Habitat restoration

Reading Passage 2

14. C
15. B
16. A
17. C
18. B
19. B
20. pollinator
21. drug discovery
22. Tourism
23. ecosystem services
24. significant investment
25. economic stability
26. informed decision-making

Reading Passage 3

27. disturbances
28. trophic cascades
29. Functional redundancy
30. feedback loop
31. rainforests
32. health
33. FALSE
34. TRUE
35. FALSE
36. FALSE
37. TRUE
38. C
39. B
40. C

This IELTS Reading practice test on “How biodiversity loss affects ecosystem services” covers a range of important concepts related to ecology, conservation, and environmental economics. By working through these passages and questions, you’ll not only improve your reading comprehension skills but also gain valuable knowledge about the critical issue of biodiversity loss and its wide-ranging impacts.

Remember to pay close attention to the details in each passage and practice your time management skills to complete all questions within the allotted time. If you’re struggling with certain question types or topics, consider reviewing related materials or seeking additional practice in those areas.

For more information on related topics, you might find these articles helpful:

• Impact of Climate Change on Forest Ecosystems
• How Global Warming is Reshaping Ecosystems
• Impact of Overfishing on Marine Biodiversity

Good luck with your IELTS preparation!