Urbanization and its impact on pollution is a recurring theme in IELTS Writing Task 2. This topic has appeared frequently in past exams and is likely to continue being a popular choice due to its global relevance. Based on our analysis of past IELTS exams, we’ve identified several related questions that have been asked. Let’s focus on one of the most common variations:
Some people believe that the increased pollution in cities is an unavoidable consequence of urbanization and economic development. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Analyzing the Question
This question requires you to discuss the relationship between urbanization, economic development, and pollution. You need to:
- Express your opinion on whether increased pollution is inevitable in urban areas
- Discuss the link between economic growth and environmental degradation
- Consider possible solutions or alternatives to this problem
Band 8-9 Sample Essay
Here’s a high-scoring sample essay that addresses the question effectively:
Urbanization and economic progress have undeniably led to increased pollution in many cities worldwide. However, I strongly disagree with the notion that this is an unavoidable consequence. While it’s true that rapid urban growth often results in environmental challenges, I believe that with proper planning and innovative solutions, cities can develop economically without sacrificing environmental quality.
Firstly, it’s important to acknowledge that urbanization does contribute to pollution. As cities expand, the demand for energy, transportation, and industrial production increases, leading to higher emissions of pollutants. For instance, the rapid growth of megacities like Beijing and Delhi has resulted in severe air quality issues, primarily due to vehicle emissions and industrial activities. However, this doesn’t mean that pollution is an inevitable outcome of urban development.
Many cities around the world have demonstrated that economic growth and environmental protection can coexist. Singapore, for example, has achieved remarkable economic success while maintaining strict environmental standards. The city-state has implemented comprehensive urban planning, efficient public transportation systems, and green building initiatives, proving that urbanization doesn’t have to come at the cost of environmental degradation. Similarly, Copenhagen’s commitment to becoming carbon-neutral by 2025 showcases how cities can pursue ambitious economic goals while prioritizing sustainability.
Moreover, technological advancements are increasingly providing solutions to urban pollution problems. The development of cleaner energy sources, such as solar and wind power, is reducing reliance on polluting fossil fuels. Electric vehicles and improved public transportation systems are helping to curb vehicle emissions in many cities. Additionally, innovative urban planning approaches that incorporate green spaces and promote walkability are creating more livable and less polluted urban environments.
In conclusion, while the challenges of pollution in growing cities are significant, they are not insurmountable. With strong political will, innovative urban planning, and the adoption of green technologies, cities can achieve economic development without compromising environmental quality. The examples of successful sustainable urban development around the world prove that pollution is not an inevitable consequence of urbanization, but rather a challenge that can be effectively addressed with the right strategies and commitment.
Essay Analysis
This essay would likely score in the Band 8-9 range for the following reasons:
- Task Response: The essay directly addresses the question, clearly stating the writer’s position and providing relevant examples to support the argument.
- Coherence and Cohesion: The essay is well-structured with clear paragraphs, each focusing on a specific point. Linking words and phrases are used effectively to connect ideas.
- Lexical Resource: The essay demonstrates a wide range of vocabulary relevant to the topic, such as “environmental degradation,” “carbon-neutral,” and “sustainable urban development.”
- Grammatical Range and Accuracy: The essay uses a variety of complex sentence structures accurately, showcasing a high level of grammatical control.
Band 6-7 Sample Essay
Here’s a sample essay that would likely score in the Band 6-7 range:
In recent years, many cities have experienced increased pollution as they grow and develop economically. While some people think this is unavoidable, I partially disagree with this view. Although urbanization often leads to more pollution, I believe there are ways to reduce its impact.
It’s true that as cities get bigger, they usually produce more pollution. This is because more people means more cars, factories, and energy use, which all create pollution. For example, in many developing countries, big cities like Mumbai or Jakarta have serious air pollution problems because of all the traffic and industry.
However, I don’t think this means pollution has to keep getting worse as cities grow. There are things that can be done to reduce pollution even as cities develop. One way is to use cleaner energy sources like solar or wind power instead of coal or oil. Another is to improve public transportation so fewer people need to drive cars. Some cities are also making rules to limit pollution from factories and encouraging people to recycle more.
Cities can also plan better to reduce pollution. For instance, they can create more parks and green spaces, which help clean the air. They can also design buildings to be more energy-efficient. These things can help cities grow without making pollution much worse.
In conclusion, while it’s true that urbanization often leads to more pollution, I don’t think this is completely unavoidable. With good planning and new technologies, cities can develop economically while also protecting the environment. It’s important for governments and people to work together to find ways to grow cities sustainably.
Essay Analysis
This essay would likely score in the Band 6-7 range for the following reasons:
- Task Response: The essay addresses the main points of the question and presents a clear position, though the ideas could be developed more fully.
- Coherence and Cohesion: The essay has a clear structure, but the paragraphs could be more tightly focused. Some linking words are used, but more sophisticated cohesive devices could improve the flow.
- Lexical Resource: The vocabulary is generally appropriate, but lacks the sophistication and range of higher band scores. Some attempts at less common vocabulary are made (e.g., “energy-efficient”).
- Grammatical Range and Accuracy: The essay uses a mix of simple and complex sentences, with generally good control. However, there’s room for more varied and complex structures.
Key Vocabulary to Remember
- Urbanization (noun) – /ˌɜːrbənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ – the process of making an area more urban
- Pollution (noun) – /pəˈluːʃən/ – the presence of harmful substances in the environment
- Economic development (noun phrase) – /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk dɪˈveləpmənt/ – the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people
- Sustainable (adjective) – /səˈsteɪnəbəl/ – able to be maintained at a certain rate or level
- Environmental degradation (noun phrase) – /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˌdegrəˈdeɪʃən/ – the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources
- Carbon-neutral (adjective) – /ˌkɑːrbən ˈnjuːtrəl/ – making no net release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
- Infrastructure (noun) – /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃər/ – the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise
- Emissions (noun) – /ɪˈmɪʃənz/ – the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation
- Renewable energy (noun phrase) – /rɪˈnjuːəbəl ˈenərdʒi/ – energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power
- Urban planning (noun phrase) – /ˈɜːrbən ˈplænɪŋ/ – the process of designing and organizing urban areas
In conclusion, the topic of urbanization and its impact on pollution is a crucial issue in IELTS Writing Task 2. To excel in this topic, focus on developing a clear argument, providing specific examples, and using a range of relevant vocabulary. Practice by writing essays on related topics such as:
- The role of government in managing urban growth and pollution
- The impact of urbanization on water resources
- Sustainable urban development strategies
We encourage you to practice writing an essay on the given topic and share it in the comments section. This active practice is an effective way to improve your writing skills and prepare for the IELTS exam.