Urbanization and its effects on public health have become increasingly prominent topics in IELTS Writing Task 2. Based on recent exam statistics and The effects of urbanization on public health, this theme appears in approximately 15% of all Task 2 questions, making it essential for test-takers to prepare thoroughly.
Task Analysis and Sample Question
Some people believe that rapid urbanization has brought more negative impacts than positive ones on public health. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
This question requires candidates to evaluate the relationship between urban development and public health outcomes. The task type is an agree/disagree essay, demanding a clear position and well-supported arguments.
The complex relationship between urbanization and public health outcomes in modern cities
Sample Essay 1 (Band 8.5)
The rapid expansion of cities has indeed transformed public health dynamics significantly, and while I partially agree that urbanization poses certain health challenges, I believe its overall impact has been more beneficial than detrimental to public health.
Urban environments have undeniably introduced several health concerns. Air pollution from increased vehicle emissions and industrial activities has led to a rise in respiratory diseases. Moreover, the sedentary lifestyle common in cities, coupled with easy access to processed foods, has contributed to higher rates of obesity and related health conditions. These challenges are particularly evident in how to manage the impact of urbanization on public health.
However, urbanization has brought substantial improvements to public health infrastructure and services. Modern cities provide better access to advanced medical facilities, specialized healthcare professionals, and emergency services. Additionally, urban areas typically offer improved sanitation systems, clean water supply, and better food safety regulations. These developments have significantly reduced mortality rates and increased life expectancy among urban populations.
Furthermore, The impact of urban heat islands on city planning has led to innovative solutions that benefit public health. Cities now implement green spaces, which not only combat pollution but also provide recreational areas promoting physical activity and mental well-being. The concentration of educational institutions in urban areas has also increased health awareness and preventive healthcare practices.
In conclusion, while urbanization presents certain health challenges, its positive contributions to public health through improved infrastructure, healthcare access, and innovative solutions outweigh the negative aspects. The key lies in managing urban development sustainably while maximizing its health benefits.
Sample Essay 2 (Band 6.5)
I agree that urbanization has brought more negative effects than positive ones on public health. This essay will discuss why I think this is true.
Firstly, city life creates many health problems. When many people live together in cities, diseases can spread quickly. Also, there is lots of pollution from cars and factories which makes people sick. Many people in cities also eat fast food and don’t exercise enough, which causes obesity.
Secondly, living in cities causes stress and mental health problems. People work long hours and face pressure from their jobs. The noise and crowded conditions in cities can make people feel anxious and depressed. This is discussed in detail in Urbanization and its challenges.
However, cities do have some good effects on health. Hospitals in cities are better than in rural areas, and people can get medical treatment more easily. Cities also have better water systems and garbage collection, which helps prevent some diseases.
In conclusion, I believe the bad effects of urbanization on health are bigger than the good effects. Governments should try to solve these problems to make cities healthier places to live.
Analysis of Band Scores
Band 8.5 Essay
- Sophisticated vocabulary and complex structures
- Clear position with balanced arguments
- Coherent paragraphing with smooth transitions
- Relevant examples and specific details
- No grammar errors
Band 6.5 Essay
- Basic vocabulary with some repetition
- Simple sentence structures
- Clear but basic organization
- Limited range of examples
- Some grammar mistakes
Key Vocabulary
- Urbanization (n) /ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ – the process of more people living in cities
- Infrastructure (n) /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/ – basic physical systems of a country
- Sedentary (adj) /ˈsedəntri/ – characterized by much sitting
- Mortality rate (n) /mɔːˈtælɪti reɪt/ – the number of deaths in a population
- Sanitation (n) /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃən/ – conditions relating to public health
For additional practice, consider writing essays about Does rapid city population growth benefit or harm residents. Share your essays in the comments for feedback and discussion.
