“Under these circumstances” is a phrase many English learners encounter, but they may not fully understand its proper usage, especially in formal writing like IELTS. This phrase is often used in the IELTS writing exam, particularly in tasks requiring you to analyze a situation and present your opinion or solution. Mastering this phrase can significantly enhance your vocabulary score and overall coherence.
Let’s look at a few examples of how “under these circumstances” can be used in different sections of the IELTS exam:
Speaking Part 3:
Examiner: What are some of the challenges of starting a business in a competitive market?
You: Starting a business is always risky, but under these circumstances, with so many existing companies, it becomes even more challenging. You need a unique selling proposition and a strong marketing strategy to stand out.
Writing Task 2:
Some people argue that economic growth should be prioritized over environmental protection. Under these circumstances, governments face the difficult decision of balancing economic development with the need to protect the environment.
Writing Task 1:
The graph shows a sharp decline in sales after the introduction of a new product line. Under these circumstances, it is evident that the company needs to re-evaluate its product development and marketing strategies.
In each of these examples, “under these circumstances” is used to refer to a specific situation or set of conditions mentioned previously. The phrase highlights the importance of the context and its influence on the subsequent actions or decisions.
Understanding “Under These Circumstances”
“Under these circumstances” is a prepositional phrase used to introduce a course of action or a consequence that results directly from a specific situation. It implies that the situation has created particular conditions that necessitate a certain response.
Usage in IELTS
This phrase is particularly useful in the IELTS Writing test, where you often need to:
- Analyze data and draw conclusions (Writing Task 1): Use “under these circumstances” to link the data analysis with your interpretation of the trend or pattern.
- Present your opinion or solution (Writing Task 2): Employ the phrase to connect your stance on an issue with the specific arguments or evidence you’ve presented.
The Grammar of “Under These Circumstances”
“Under these circumstances” functions as an adverbial phrase in a sentence, modifying the verb and explaining why something happens or should happen.
Here is the breakdown:
- Under: This preposition indicates a condition or constraint.
- These: Demonstrative adjective pointing to specific circumstances previously mentioned.
- Circumstances: Refers to the prevailing conditions or state of affairs.
Variations and Alternatives
You can use these variations to diversify your language and demonstrate a wider range of vocabulary:
- In light of these circumstances: This phrase offers a slightly more formal tone.
- Given these circumstances: This option is concise and suitable for both spoken and written contexts.
- Considering these circumstances: This phrase emphasizes the act of taking the situation into account.
- Therefore/Thus/Hence: These conjunctive adverbs offer a shorter, more direct alternative.
Applying “Under These Circumstances” in IELTS Writing
Let’s examine how to effectively incorporate “under these circumstances” into your IELTS writing:
Example 1 (Writing Task 1):
The graph illustrates a steep rise in unemployment rates following the implementation of new trade tariffs. Under these circumstances, it is clear that the tariffs have had a detrimental effect on the job market, leading to job losses and economic instability.
Analysis:
- The phrase connects the observed trend (rising unemployment) with its cause (new trade tariffs).
- It provides a smooth transition to the writer’s interpretation of the data.
Example 2 (Writing Task 2):
Some people believe that the government should invest heavily in public transportation to combat traffic congestion. Under these circumstances, air pollution could be significantly reduced, and citizens could enjoy a more efficient and affordable commute.
Analysis:
- The phrase links the proposed solution (investment in public transport) with its potential positive outcomes.
- It strengthens the argument by presenting logical consequences.
Common Errors to Avoid
- Incorrect pronoun reference: Ensure that “these circumstances” clearly refer to the specific situation you’ve previously mentioned. Avoid ambiguity.
- Overuse: While useful, don’t overuse the phrase. Employ synonyms and alternative constructions to maintain a natural flow and showcase vocabulary range.
- Informal alternatives: Avoid informal alternatives like “so” or “because of this” in your formal IELTS writing.
Conclusion
Understanding how and when to use “under these circumstances” can significantly enhance your IELTS writing. By incorporating this phrase effectively, you demonstrate your ability to analyze situations, present arguments logically, and showcase a sophisticated grasp of English grammar and vocabulary. Remember to use the phrase strategically and avoid common errors to maximize your score. Practice incorporating “under these circumstances” into your IELTS writing practice to build confidence and fluency.