The Reading section of the IELTS exam is designed to assess your ability to read for gist, detail, and understanding in English. It consists of 40 questions based on three passages, each increasing in difficulty. These passages often cover a broad range of topics, including scientific advancements, which are popular subjects for the test. One such topic is the ethical implications of CRISPR gene editing technology, a subject matter that has garnered significant interest due to its groundbreaking potential and ethical controversies.
Given the relevance and frequency of such topics, understanding the nuances and implications of CRISPR gene editing can not only prepare you well for the IELTS reading section but also enhance your ability to tackle complex academic texts effectively.
Reading Passage – Medium Text
The Ethical Implications of CRISPR Gene Editing Technology
CRISPR-Cas9, commonly referred to as CRISPR, is a revolutionary technology that allows scientists to edit genomes with remarkable precision. It involves the use of a specialized enzyme, Cas9, which acts as molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific locations, allowing for the insertion, deletion, or modification of genetic material. While this technology holds immense potential for treating genetic disorders, improving crops, and addressing climate change challenges, it also raises significant ethical concerns.
One of the primary ethical questions revolves around the potential for unintended consequences. As with any powerful technology, the possibility of off-target effects—where unintended sections of the genome are edited—poses a significant risk. These off-target mutations could lead to unforeseen health issues or genetic abnormalities, raising the question of whether the benefits of CRISPR can outweigh these potential risks.
Furthermore, the use of CRISPR in human embryos introduces a host of ethical dilemmas. Editing the human germline—the DNA of embryos—means that changes would be hereditary, passed down to future generations. This ‘germline editing’ has the potential to eradicate certain genetic diseases, but it also opens the door to ‘designer babies,’ where genetic traits could be selected based on personal or societal preferences. This could exacerbate social inequalities and lead to a new form of eugenics, where the genetics of future generations are manipulated for non-therapeutic reasons.
Additionally, there are concerns about the equitable access and control of CRISPR technology. As with many advanced medical technologies, there is a risk that CRISPR could be accessible only to the wealthy, widening the gap between socio-economic classes. Ensuring fair and regulated access to such powerful technology is crucial to prevent further societal disparity.
Ethical governance and regulatory frameworks are thus essential to navigate these challenges. Many countries have established stringent guidelines to oversee the use of CRISPR, ensuring that research is conducted responsibly and that the potential risks are carefully considered and minimized. Public discourse and international cooperation are also critical in shaping policies that reflect a consensus on the ethical use of gene-editing technologies.
In conclusion, while CRISPR gene editing technology holds enormous promise, it is imperative to address the ethical implications associated with its use. Close scrutiny and thoughtful regulation are essential to harness the potential of CRISPR in a way that benefits humanity without compromising ethical standards.
Questions
Multiple Choice (Questions 1-3)
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What is the main advantage of CRISPR technology?
a) It can create new species.
b) It allows precise genetic editing.
c) It is affordable and available to everyone.
d) It can be used without any ethical concerns. -
Why is germline editing particularly controversial?
a) It is more expensive than other forms of editing.
b) It affects not only the individual but also future generations.
c) It can only be done on plants.
d) It has no potential benefits. -
What is a significant risk related to the accessibility of CRISPR technology?
a) It might lead to biological warfare.
b) It could create social inequality.
c) It is likely to cure all diseases.
d) It is easy to misuse for personal gain.
True/False/Not Given (Questions 4-6)
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CRISPR technology is only used for medical purposes.
True / False / Not Given -
All countries have the same regulations for the use of CRISPR technology.
True / False / Not Given -
The public has a role in shaping the ethical use of CRISPR technology.
True / False / Not Given
Summary Completion (Questions 7-10)
CRISPR technology involves the use of a specialized (7) to cut DNA at specific locations. While it holds promise for advances in (8) and agriculture, it raises ethical concerns such as unintended _____ (9) effects and the potential for __(10).
Answer Keys
- b) It allows precise genetic editing.
- b) It affects not only the individual but also future generations.
- b) It could create social inequality.
- False – The text mentions other purposes besides medical ones, such as improving crops and addressing climate change.
- False – Different countries have different guidelines and regulations.
- True – The text discusses the importance of public discourse in ethical governance.
Summary Completion Answers:
- enzyme
- medicine
- off-target
- designer babies
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Misinterpreting questions: Always refer back to the text to find evidence.
- Time management: Practice with timed readings to ensure you can complete all questions within the given time.
- Keyword matching: Be cautious of trap answers that use the same wording as the passage but aren’t correct in context.
Vocabulary
- Genome (n.) /ˈdʒiː.nəʊm/: the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
- Mutations (n.) /mjuːˈteɪ.ʃənz/: changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information.
- Eugenics (n.) /juːˈdʒen.ɪks/: the practice or advocacy of improving the genetic quality of the human population.
Grammar Focus
- Relative Clauses: Used for adding extra information about a noun (e.g., “CRISPR, which allows scientists to edit genomes…”).
- Passive Voice: Often used in scientific writing to emphasize the action or the result rather than who performs the action (e.g., “Changes are made by the Cas9 enzyme…”).
Advice for Achieving a High Reading Score
- Practice regularly: Engage with various types of texts, especially academic and scientific articles.
- Expand vocabulary: Learn and use new words in context to improve comprehension.
- Develop skimming and scanning skills: These skills help locate key information quickly.
By integrating these strategies and focusing on ethical topics like CRISPR gene editing, you can enhance your readiness for the IELTS Reading test and boost your chances of achieving a high score.